Basic operations with Kali Linux(PART2)

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What is Linux? Everything You Need to Know (2023) (softwarelab.org)

11-The locate command can find a file in the database system.

Moreover, adding the -i argument will turn off case sensitivity, so you can search for a file even if you don’t remember its exact name.

To look for content that contains two or more words, use an asterisk (*). For example:

locate -i school*note

The command will search for files that contain the words school and note, whether they use uppercase or lowercase letters.

12-Use the find command to search for files within a specific directory and perform subsequent operations. Here’s the general syntax:

find [option] [path] [expression]

For example, you want to look for a file called notes.txt within the home directory and its subfolders:

find /home -name notes.txt

13-Another basic Linux command on the list is grep or global regular expression print. It lets you find a word by searching through all the texts in a specific file.

Once the grep command finds a match, it prints all lines that contain the specific pattern. This command helps filter through large log files.

For example, you want to search for the word secret in the notepad.txt file:

grep secret notepad.txt

The command’s output will display lines that contain secret.

14-Use the df command to report the system’s disk space usage, shown in percentage and kilobyte (KB). Here’s the general syntax:

df [options] [file]

For example, enter the following command if you want to see the current directory’s system disk space usage in a human-readable format:

df -h

These are some acceptable options to use:

df -m > displays information on the file system usage in MBs.
df -k > displays file system usage in KBs.
df -T > shows the file system type in a new column.

15-The head command allows you to view the first ten lines of a text. Adding an option lets you change the number of lines shown. The head command is also used to output piped data to the CLI. Here’s the general syntax:

head [option] [file]

For instance, you want to view the first ten lines of note.txt, located in the current directory:

head note.txt

Below are some options you can add:

n or –lines > prints the first customized number of lines. For example, enter head -n 5 filename.txt > to show the first five lines of filename.txt.
-c or –bytes > prints the first customized number of bytes of each file.
-q or –quiet > will not print headers specifying the file name.

16-The tail command displays the last ten lines of a file. It allows users to check whether a file has new data or to read error messages. Here’s the general format:

tail [option] [file]

For example, you want to show the last ten lines of the colors23.txt file:

tail -n colors23.txt

17-The diff command compares two contents of a file line by line. After analysing them, it will display the parts that do not match.

Programmers often use the diff command to modify a programme instead of rewriting the entire source code. Here is the general format:

diff [option] file3 file4

Here are some acceptable options to add:

-c > displays the difference between two files in a context form.
-u > displays output without redundant information.
-i > renders the diff command case-insensitive.

18-The tar command archives multiple files into a TAR file — a common Linux format similar to ZIP, with optional compression. Here’s the basic syntax:

tar [options] [archive_file] [file or directory to be archived]

For instance, you want to create a new TAR archive named newarchive.tar in the /home/user/Documents directory:

tar -cvf newarchive.tar /home/user/Documents

The tar command accepts many options, such as:

-x extracts a file.
-t lists the content of a file.
-u archives and adds to an existing archive file.

19-chmod is a common command that modifies a file or directory’s read, write, and execute permissions. In Linux, each file is associated with three user classes — owner, group member, and others. Here’s the basic syntax:

chmod [option] [permission] [file_name]

For example, the owner is currently the only one with full permissions to change note.txt. To allow group members and others to read, write, and execute the file, change it to the -rwxrwxrwx permission type, whose numeric value is 777:

chmod 777 note.txt

This command supports many options, including:

-c or –changes > displays information when a change is made.
-f or –silent > suppresses the error messages.
-v or –verbose > displays a diagnostic for each processed file.

20-The chown command lets you change the ownership of a file, directory, or symbolic link to a specified username. Here’s the basic format:

chown [option] owner[:group] file(s)

For example, you want to make linuxuser2 the owner of filename.txt:

chown linuxuser2 filename.txt

21-Use the kill command to terminate an unresponsive program manually. To kill a program, you must know its process identification number (PID). If you don’t know the PID, run the following command:

ps ux

After knowing what signal to use and the program’s PID, enter the following syntax:

kill [signal_option] pid

PS: I hope this content was useful and thank you for reading:)

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